# Database

Supported database engines:

| **Database engine**  | **Requirement**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| PostgreSQL           | Version: 13 to 17                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Microsoft SQL Server | <p>Version:</p><p>• 2022 (MSSQL Server 16.0); 2019 (MSSQL Server 15.0); 2017 (MSSQL Server 14.0); 2016 (MSSQL Server 13.0).</p><p>• With bundled Microsoft JDBC driver.</p><p><strong>Notes</strong>:</p><p>• Express Edition is supported.</p><p>• Windows and SQL Server authentication are both supported.</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Oracle               | <p>Version: 23ai, 21C, 19C, XE Editions.</p><p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Use the latest Oracle JDBC driver.</p><p><strong>Notes:</strong></p><p>• The driver ojdbc14.jar is not supported.</p><p>• Only the thin mode is supported, not OCI.</p><p>• Only MAX\_STRING\_SIZE=STANDARD parameter is supported, not EXTENDED.</p><p>• Must be configured to use a UTF8-family charset (see the NLS\_CHARACTERSET).</p><p>• The Oracle JDBC driver versions 12.1.0.1 and 12.1.0.2 have major bugs, and are not recommended for use with SonarQube Server (see more details).</p>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| H2                   | <p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Use the H2 embedded database for non-production use cases:</p><p>• Development/Testing: H2 is ideal for quick prototypes, unit or integration tests, or CI/CD pipelines due to its lightweight setup.</p><p>• Trials: H2 allows users to try SonarQube without configuring a full database setup like PostgreSQL, Oracle, or MS SQL.</p><p><strong>Why avoid H2 in production</strong>:</p><p>• Scalability Limits: H2 cannot handle high transaction volumes or concurrent users.</p><p>• Data Risks: In-memory mode risks data loss; file-based mode lacks robust durability.</p><p>• Concurrency Issues: H2 struggles with heavy concurrent access, which could cause slowdowns or deadlocks.</p><p>• Limited Features: H2 lacks replication, high availability, advanced security, or robust backups.</p><p>• SQL Compatibility: H2 may differ from production databases, risking transition issues.</p><p>Use PostgreSQL, Oracle, or MS SQL for production to ensure reliability and scalability. Limit H2 to development, testing, or trials.</p> |

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We recommend that for production installation, the database used by SonarQube Server is hosted on a machine that is physically separate from the SonarQube Server host, with low latency between both hosts.
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